The U.N. migration agency says more than 8,500 migrants died on land and sea routes worldwide last year.
This number is a record high since the agency began tallying deaths a decade ago.
The Mediterranean Sea crossing saw the largest increase in migrant deaths, officials say.

A total of 8,565 migrants died on land and sea routes worldwide last year, the U.N. migration agency said Wednesday, a record high since it began tallying deaths a decade ago.

The International Organization for Migration said the biggest increase in deaths last year was on the treacherous Mediterranean Sea crossing, to 3,129 from 2,411 in 2022. However, that was well below the record 5,136 deaths recorded on the Mediterranean in 2016 as huge numbers of Syrians, Afghans and others fled conflicts toward Europe.

IOM said the total number of deaths among migrants in 2023 was nearly 20% more than in 2022.

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It said most of the deaths last year, about 3,700, came from drowning.

A dinghy lies on the shore after a shipwreck where two migrants were killed and eight were rescued, in Thermi, on the northeastern Aegean Sea island of Lesbos, Greece, on Wednesday, Jan. 10, 2023. The U.N. migration agency reported Wednesday that 8,565 people died on land and sea routes worldwide last year, a record high since launching its tally of the death toll a decade ago. The International Organization for Migration says the biggest increase in deaths last year came in the treacherous Mediterranean sea crossing. (AP Photo/Panagiotis Balaskas, File)

The Geneva-based migration agency cautioned that the figures likely underestimate the real toll, and factors such as improved data collection methods play a part in its calculations.

"Every single one of them is a terrible human tragedy that reverberates through families and communities for years to come," IOM Deputy Director General Ugochi Daniels said in a statement.

Overall, the biggest jump in deaths in recent years was in Asia, where more than 2,000 migrants died compared to an annual average of under 1,000 since 2014. IOM said 2,138 migrants died in Asia last year, 68 more than in 2022.

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The rise in Asia last year was primarily because of increased deaths among Afghans fleeing to places like neighboring Iran and among Rohingya refugees on maritime routes, IOM spokesperson Jorge Galindo said in an email.

IOM said a record number of deaths also occurred in Africa last year — 1,866 — mostly in the Sahara Desert and along the sea route to the Canary Islands.

The agency cited difficulties in data collection in remote areas, such as in the dangerous "Darien Gap" in Panama, where many migrants pass from South America on their way north.

IOM’s "Missing Migrants" project, which tallies the figures, was set up in 2014 after a surge in deaths in the Mediterranean and an influx of migrants on the Italian island of Lampedusa off Tunisia.