Rebecca Grant: Coronavirus lessons from 1918 Spanish flu – here's what worked to save lives
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America is waging a battle on multiple fronts to mitigate and suppress COVID-19.
“It's like we have 54 separate hurricanes in every state, territory and the District of Columbia," Gen. Joseph Lengyel, chief of the National Guard Bureau, said on Thursday. "Some are Category 5s, some are Category 3s, some are Category 1s.”
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Our nation has been through this before. In 1918, Americans fought a similar battle against the Spanish flu epidemic, which claimed 675,000 Americans and between 50 and 100 million lives around the world.
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“Influenza Shuts All Chicago,” hollered the Chicago Herald and Examiner on Oct. 18, 1918. Bars, saloons, pool halls, restaurants and movies closed with Chicago police enforcing the ban.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Spanish flu, like coronavirus, wasn’t really a single national crisis. It was a set of hundreds of crises that played out differently in major cities, towns, states and Army and Navy World War I training camps.
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Pittsburgh reeled. Indianapolis coped well. New York City, with a 1918 population of more than 4.7 million, was twice as big as Chicago in those days but kept its flu mortality rate in check.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Douglas MacArthur and Robert Frost all caught Spanish flu.
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Americans in 1918 were facing a “silent foe” and a wild trajectory of new cases, just like we are.
The Spanish flu strain is not the same as the coronavirus. But you’ll recognize the drastic measures taken back then.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}The Spanish flu epidemic came in three major waves, with the worst being the death spike over roughly six weeks in the “second wave” from late September until early November 1918. The flu hit lungs. Victims turned blue in the face due to lack of oxygen, a condition called cyanosis. Makeshift hospitals filled and cities ran out of coffins.
Response by local health officials was key as communities fought to interrupt human-to-human transmission of the Spanish flu and surge medical treatment for victims.
Some places did better than others.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Spanish flu appeared in New York City in August 1918. Starting in mid-September, Dr. Royal S. Copeland created social distancing with closures, staggered business hours, and a massive public information campaign on preventing transmission. Copeland also set up 150 emergency health stations to dispatch nurses and keep track of cases. New York City hired more nurses – and more gravediggers. Copeland famously kept schools open, making each classroom a mini-clinic with teachers checking children’s health daily.
The 1918 Spanish flu also tells us what to expect next. Right now, America is watching coronavirus cases multiply and praying for the curve to bend. Health officials in 1918 were looking for that same big indicator.
Sadly, in Philadelphia, the response was not so complete. Flu deaths at the Philadelphia Naval Yard began Sept. 7, 1918. Still, officials let 200,000 assemble for a Liberty Loan parade and war bond drive on Sept. 28, 1918. By the time Philadelphia banned public gatherings, it was too late. The city was burdened with additional war workers and could not keep up. Daily flu deaths in Philadelphia passed 500 on Oct. 6 and reached 837 on Oct. 12, on the way to a total near 13,000 in that wave.
In 1918, New York City’s flu mortality rate was 582 deaths per 100,000 people. Chicago’s was 517. Philadelphia’s was 932.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}On average, American cities saw their flu death rates go up 300 percent to 500 percent in 1918. Philly hit the top of that range, with 490 percent more deaths over the 1915 baseline. In contrast, New York City’s faster, tougher measures held expansion to 270 percent. Chicago’s rate was 300 percent.
Worst off was Pittsburgh, where wartime steel and munitions production made officials reluctant to shut down and isolate. Pittsburgh didn’t confront the epidemic in time, found Brian O’Neill of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. As a result, Pittsburgh recorded one of America’s highest mortality rates at 1,243 deaths per 100,000 in 1918, according to a 2007 study from the St. Louis Federal Reserve.
Shutting down Army and Navy training camps was out of the question and the Spanish flu ravaged them in the fall of 1918. As with cities, the danger zone typically lasted for about four weeks before abating. One Army camp in Illinois held 40,000 men and registered 10,713 cases with 1,060 deaths – all this among a young cohort.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Then there was Wisconsin – the only state to enact aggressive, statewide measures, according to historian Steven Burg. Wisconsin State Health Officer Dr. Cornelius A. Harper closed everything down on Oct. 10, 2018. True, Wisconsin by then knew of the decimation back East. But fast steps kept flu escalation lower in Milwaukee, where City Health Commissioner Dr. George C. Ruhland roped in businessmen and doctors to set policy that even won over Socialist Mayor Daniel Hoan.
The 1918 Spanish flu also tells us what to expect next. Right now, America is watching coronavirus cases multiply and praying for the curve to bend. Health officials in 1918 were looking for that same big indicator: the plateau and decline in new Spanish flu cases. When it came, they reopened fast, with Chicago back to normal operations by Nov. 4.
Astonishingly, the economic impact of the Spanish flu closures was sharp but didn’t last. From looking at the Dow you’d never know anyone was sick. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose from (don’t laugh) 74 in January 1918 to stay above 80 all during 1918 with only routine volatility.
{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}You bet small businesses like those saloons and theaters suffered. Economic data for 1918 is patchy, but the St. Louis Federal Reserve study found retail and entertainment hard hit, with Midwest stores losing 40 percent to 70 percent of their business during the fall flu peak. Mattress and bedsprings sales soared, though.
Of course, that 1918 economy didn’t have airlines, fast-food restaurants, casinos, giant pension plans and integrated global supply chains. The pain out there in 2020 is real. Still, the business lesson of the 1918 Spanish flu, if there is one, was that several weeks of public closures didn’t do lasting macroeconomic damage.
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{{#rendered}} {{/rendered}}Americans who lived through the Spanish flu never got answers on why the epidemic hit. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention replicated the Spanish flu virus in 2005 and discovered it could churn out as much as 50 times more virus in human lung cells compared with modern flu.
The Spanish flu was a killing machine understood by no one. Yet the stern mitigation and suppression measures in the name of public health were saviors for many in 1918, and they are powerful ammunition again in 2020.